Empowerment of three main characters in The Crucible Essay

During ‘The Crucible’ the acts which unfold able some characters to empower themselves: most notably Abigail Williams, Mary Warren and even John Proctor. Some characters begin with little or no power, then abuse the situations to gain power, whereas others begin with power and lose it, sometimes justly and other times unjustly. This could be seen as a moral message for the audiences of the play, warning of power abuse which could lead to devastating consequences. In the introductory comments, Miller comments before the events begin to unfold how â€Å"†¦the children were anything but thankful for being permitted to walk straight† which shows before the witchcraft trials and accusations had begun, children were powerless under the authority of the male dominated society -children had no power to roam freely. One of the people that gained power in the play is Mary Warren, who is a servant and so is one of the lowest ranks of the Puritan society- much like the children of Salem. At first she does not have any power at all as she is taught that she has to follow orders from the Proctors, who she works for. This is seen when she â€Å"lept† with â€Å"fright† upon Proctors entrance. Yet, she manages to turn from a â€Å"mouse† to a â€Å"daughter of a prince† as she suddenly gains power from working in the court, trying possible witches. Her increasing power is also shown from her defiance of Proctor when she refuses his order of not going to â€Å"court again†, and responds that she â€Å"must† and â€Å"will be gone everyday†. It also shown through stage directions, when Mary is â€Å"terrified† of Proctor but quickly becomes â€Å"erect†, which highlights her ability to overcome her fear of Proctor because of her growing confidence and power. Mary even manages to intimidate Proctor in this part of the play. When threatened with the â€Å"whip† from Proctor, she manages to threaten him further by responding â€Å"I would have you speak civilly to me, from this out. † Mary, filled with this newly found power, is able to threaten Procter to stop beating her or she will not speak so highly of his family next time. By using the phrase â€Å"from this out† shows that Mary doesn’t usually expect that kind of treatment from the Proctor, yet now she is able to demand it because of the power gain. Again, further on in the play Mary is also able to â€Å"numb† Proctor when she overthrows his â€Å"grip† on her to tell the truth about the accusations, and instead turns on him. When pressured by Abigail and the other girls, once they start accusing Mary to save themselves, she is not able to stand her ground – which highlights her feebleness and weakness which was seen at the very start of the play. This is seen as she even admits she has â€Å"no power†. This links to her inferior position in the society and even within her social group, she is not popular, and respected. This is shown when Abigail tells Mary to â€Å"shut it† and Mercy Lewis starts â€Å"pointing† and â€Å"looking† at Mary as if she were to blame. However, the fact that Mary was able to then accuse Proctor of being â€Å"devil’s man†, who is a highly respected in the village, shows that she does have more power than she started with. But she is abusing her power, to save herself and because of her lack of power on her social circle. So, this once ‘innocent’ girl who thought they â€Å"must tell the truth† took advantage of the situation so she and her friends would not be â€Å"whipped†. Overall, Mary arguably, has the most progressive power of all the girls and possibly all of the characters in ‘The Crucible’, but that’s not to say she has the most power overall. Another character like Mary Warren who gains power throughout the play is Abigail Williams. Once shunned and scorned by the inhabitants of the village because of her â€Å"blackened name†, Abigail becomes a domineering power, and is treated like a â€Å"saint†. A mere accusation from Abigail or one of her girls is enough to convict even a well-respected inhabitant of Salem like Rebecca Nurse who does â€Å"great charities†. Even though in present day we would associate â€Å"saint† with good Samaritans, which would seem absurd to see Abigail called this in present day, she was seen in this way because in puritan society if you went against god, you went against the law. So Abigail’s act of bringing Salem’s attention to the presence of the devil, and then through the court eradicating it was seen as an act of greatness. Abigail starts off as a scared young girl which is seen through Millers stage directions, as she â€Å"quavers† when being questioned by Parris about Betty’s mysterious illness. However, soon she is able to assert her power of the girls by â€Å"smashing† Betty round the face and threatening all the girls not to tell anyone about the events of the previous night, or she will â€Å"come† to them at the â€Å"black of one terrible night†. This implies they could be her prey, and if they make a wrong move she could pounce on them, which again puts her in a domineering position. This characteristic allows her to control within the group which creates more tension because Abigail also seems to be possessive which is seen when she says â€Å"Now look you. All of you†. The repetition of â€Å"you† makes the phrase quite aggressive and short commanding sentences have a strong impact, and make Abigail seem hostile but ultimately powerful. Her empowerment is also documented as the inhabitants of Salem think the â€Å"sea parts like Israel† for Abigail, so her sins are overlooked, as people take her word to be an expression of â€Å"God’s will. † This allowed Abigail to control and manipulate even the most powerful men in Salem, which is seen when Abigail threatens that Danforth- a high court official. So, Abigail Williams, who was once powerless in general society, is a perfect example of someone who became empowered by deciding the fate of other people and, by controlling and threatening people. Although, Abigail did have a powerful status among her social group from the outset and throughout which is shown when she starts â€Å"pointing with fear† and accusing Mary of â€Å"hurting her†, and quickly all the girls chime in with her. The third character who is subtly empowered is John Proctor. Despite his prideful ways, John Proctor describes himself as a â€Å"sinner. † His conversation with Elizabeth in act two where he exclaims for Elizabeth to â€Å"judge him not† demonstrated his internal conflict and his own unwillingness to forgive himself for his act of lechery. There are moments when his anger and disgust towards himself burst forth, such as when he exclaims to Judge Danforth: â€Å"I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours. † So, although it is not clear from the outset that John Proctor has been empowered, he has. He is able for the first time to â€Å"see some shred of goodness† in himself- his relief from his constant guilt- when he decides to deny his confession. In conclusion, all three characters were empowered through the play, which led to the unjust killing of numerous inhabitants of Salem through the false allegations of witchcraft. So, Miller uses this to show the audience the consequence of abuse of power. Abigail is the best example because she falls from her position of high power, and resorts to boarding a â€Å"ship†, in order to escape.

Islam: a Controversial and Sensitive Issue Essay

After the September 11, 2001 attack on America, as a nation we became more interested as to what is Islam? In this paper, I shall attempt to define what Islam is, its teachings and how it has impacted the world, in relation to other religions, especially Judaism and Christianity. The word Islam has a two- fold meaning; peace and submission to God. The submission requires a fully conscious and willing effort to submit to one Almighty God, consciously gives oneself to the service of Allah. In the teachings of Islam there are five pillars 1) Declaration of faith(Shadada), 2) Prayer(Salah), 3) Obligatory Charity(Zakah), 4) Fasting(Sarom), and 5) Pilgrimage(Haji),of the five the most significant one is the pillar of faith.(Fanar,1997) The declaring of one’s belief outwardly is a true sign of belief. By stating â€Å"There is none worthy of worship except Allah and Mohammed is the final messenger of Allah† it lets others in the Islamic community know that you are truly dedicated. (Manzlawy, 2010) Islam embraces a huge range of nationalities and cultures; the Muslim/Islamic community is made up of people from all over the world; with each culture or nationality having different interpretation of Islam with the majority of the Islamic community observing the daily ritual of prayer and other teachings. Despite the fact that Islam has been fully incorporated into the American culture and way of life, most Americans still perceive Islam as being inclined towards encouraging violence amongst its members. (Kabbini,2000) For centuries the Islamic societies have been patriarchal based, where the male member runs the household. Biology is used to justify this as women are the only ones who can bear children and they argue that the man must provide and maintain the family so that the woman can do her job of bearing and raising the children. Women also have long been  considered the culture bearers by incorporating the Islamic traditions and values within the home. Up until the 21st century, the Islamic woman had little say in divorce and even initiating one. Since the turn of the century, significant reforms for women have occurred in the majority of the Muslim countries. Reforms for including education for women, the right to work outside the home, to vote, to hold a public office, to now seek a divorce with the right to financial compensation and one major significant reform the prohibition of child marriages.(Azeem,2012) According to Islamic teachings women should adhere to a specific way of dressing, they need to lower their gaze, guard their modesty and at no time display their beauty or ornamentation except what must appear. Veils are to be drawn over one’s bosom and their beauty is not displayed except to their husbands, fathers, father-in-law, sons, brothers or brother-in-laws. In certain areas of the world the Muslim men wear beards and don’t shave them off, they do however trim them. Most Muslims eat with their right hand even if left handed, as the left hand is relegated to bathroom usage. Some of the other practices that were introduced by cultures/societies that accepted Islam are: * Middle East-men kissing each other on each as a form of greeting * West Africa-upon greeting someone will put their hand on one’s head * Pakistan-prostrating oneself when one’s child has reach 40days (http://www.buzzle.com) There are several similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism; all believe to be descendants of Abraham. * All are monotheistic in regards to beliefs, as they all call same God worship. * All follow basic ten commandments * All call for same basic ritual worships; prayer, fasting, alms giving * All follow the same moral values that govern human relationships The Muslims/Islamic people call the Christians and Jews as â€Å"people of the book† as they see them as holders of God’s holy books the Torah and the Bible.(Fanar,1997) The Muslim/Islamic people believe that these books are a revelation of God to the prophets Moses and Jesus respectively. They believe not only in one God but the same God/Allah. The similarities among the three  are probably greater than the differences as Muslims follow the teachings of all previous prophets of Judaism and Christianity. The major difference is that Islam doesn’t believe that Jesus was God’s Son that he was one of the prophets, that he wasn’t crucified but that he was lifted up to heaven and will return prior to doomsday and that this was a final revelation to the Prophet Mohammed and was received as the Holy Qur’an. Another difference is that Islam teaches in comparison to Christianity and Judaism is that God is distant and uninvolved in everyday lives of its followers; Christianity holds that God is intimately involved in the lives of believers and that a believer can have a vibrant relationship with God. Faith based conflict and religious violence threatens our world. According to Dr. David Liepert, a prominent North American Muslim candidly explores how and why Islam has gone from being a religion that sustained a vibrant multicultural and multi-religious civilization to the one we have today. In the end he does offer hope that Muslims, Jews and Christians can live together in peace and that the happy ending we all crave might be closer than one thinks. (Liepert, 2010).Since Muslims are taught to treat one another like brothers, they treat others generously. Most Christians, Jews and Muslims understand that there are differences in the way they worship; they therefore respect each other in regards to religious practices. Muslims use a greeting â€Å"Asalam Aleikum† which means peace be upon you and is used by all Muslims to greet each other. (Arnold2007 Depending on the area or region this greeting may be accompanied by a handshake or hug. The issue of Muslims greeting non-Muslims is still a difficult issue with different groups of people with different views and opinions. There are those who will argue that Muslims should initiate greetings with people of other religions so to promote harmony among societies. Muslims cannot live alone in their communities and to ensure peace among the people that they live with (Arnold, 2007). In conclusion, Islam is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the world today. Muslims believe in the teachings of the Holy Qur’an and strictly follow these teachings. Islam teaches peace and to be preach the message of peace. Muslims reside in all countries of the world with Indonesia having the largest number, although the majority of the world believes that most Muslims reside in the Middle East. The regions where one resides greatly influences their beliefs and cultures; Muslim/Islamic women are to dress in loose fitting clothes, do not shake hands with male members of the community. All Muslims follow the five pillars of Islamic teachings which dictate how one should behave towards God and towards others. Muslims believe in one God who is a supreme being to all others, being a Muslims means that one submits to the teachings of the Islamic faith. The differences between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam differ in various beliefs like the aspect of God: Allah for Muslims who is the Supreme Being worshipped by man. Christians in turn believe in the trinity of God: the father, son and Holy Spirit. The Jews believe in one God and the teachings of traditions, prophets and rabbis. That one day Messiah will come to  reunite and return to the Garden of Eden thus unifying with God. References Fanar, Q. (1997). Understanding Islam (2nd Ed.) Houston, Tex. Darussalam Publisher Azeem, S (2012). Women in Islam. Raleigh, NC. Lulu Enterprises Inc. Mawzlawy, W. (2010). Question and Answers about Islam. EBook Kabbini, M. (2000, June). Muslim Experience in America is Unprecedented. Middle East Quarterly. 7. 61-72 Liepert, D. (2010). Muslim, Christian and Jew: Finding a Path to Peace Our Faiths Can Share. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Faith Life Publishing. Muslim Culture and Traditions (2012). Retrieved December 13, 2012 from http://www.buzzle.com Comparison Chart. (2012). retrieved December13, 2012 from http://www.terrasus.com McMann, Carmelita. (2012) Interviewed December 12, 2012.

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) Assignment

Summary of pepsi conduct(only page#4) - Assignment Example These are to be safeguarded and maintained in a secure status ensuring prevention of unauthorized access to the system through sharing one’s passwords and through reproduction of licensed soft wares owned by the company. Should any stakeholder suspect any violations of the Code, or if any situation warrants closer evaluation due to possible violations of any state or federal law, is encouraged to report the matter immediately to the Human Resources Department or to a PepsiCo Speak up Line stipulated therein. Anyone reporting an incident suspected to be a violation of the Code is promised confidentiality of matter. Likewise, anyone proven to have retaliated against the person who exercised one’s rights under the Code would be subject to appropriate remedial action. Those found to have violated the provisions of the Code and any applicable law would be subject to legal proceedings. Finally, the employees are expected to conform to the conditions of the Code and managers are enjoined to serve as role models, manifesting compliance to ethical standards and exemplifying morals of good conduct. Should there remain some issues that need to be resolved, everyone is encouraged to seek the advice of one’s Human Resources manager or the PepsiCo Law Department to address one’s

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Climate change - Essay Example This paper focuses specifically on the Gulf region in the United States, an area in which environment and living creatures have grown inter-dependent on adequate precipitation to effectively sustain lifestyle and longevity. The problem in this region, specifically, is the current water level in the Mississippi River which is significantly reduced due to climate change. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2002) identifies that the Mississippi River region provides shelter and breeding grounds for migrating birds in the winter. Many different species of birds move away from colder regions to reproduce before returning to these regions to assist in pollination of plants and insect management in the food chain. The adequate waters near the Mississippi River in this region, historically, have provided quality shelter and water sources, thus providing other areas of the country with beneficial species regeneration. Today, however, climate change has shifted the volume of precipitation norm ally distributed within this region, inundating the Northern regions of the U.S. with these much-needed rains. Climatescience.gov (2007) further offers that when trees are exposed to higher carbon dioxide, rather than the highly oxygenated precipitation usually found in the Gulf region, trees alter their wood producing output. Instead of thickening trunks, the trees tend to establish more ground-level roots and smaller twig-like branches. Less oxygen replenishment through precipitation alters the scope of the environment, impacting the availability of building materials and thus impacting human lifestyles and economy. Nonliving dependencies associated with this problem include the infrastructures in this area created for predictable precipitation patterns. Walton (2012) indicates that a group of scientists and the Army Corps of Engineers will be rebuilding levees that were previously destroyed by humans to accommodate for rising water levels in a particular area just a year previous ly. This represents significant costs to destroy and rebuild infrastructure as well as causing problems with the homes and businesses that cannot predict their fluctuating dependency on barrier placement depending on water levels. The lack of predictability in climate change continues to disrupt levee longevity which considerable risks to the community due to depleting precipitation volumes. The human effects in this situation are largely negative, as most scientists and engineers are running on previous assumptions about precipitation predictability and infrastructure development without considering long-term sustainability. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is ever-diligent to attempt to sustain this environment for species migration and breeding, however using age-old sustainability plans that are no longer relevant in the face of dramatic shifts in precipitation distribution. An effective sustainability plan would include dredging of the Mississippi River so as to maintain more control over depth and to tap the underlying water table in this region to feed during periods of drought. Pumping stations designed to draw water from under the soil would be a long-term strategy to combat climate change. At the same time, it would ensure water is

Overview of Japan music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Overview of Japan music - Essay Example The first writings and definitions of music have been depicted in the Nara period of 553-794 BC. This occurred because of a shift in government in which there was an order to change the social and intellectual character of both China and Japan. This was done by depicting the culture and the music in a way which could be traced and remembered for a specific intellectual character. The music that was developed into the 1700s was based on learning music through a sense of self mastery and by defining specific styles of playing that could be used for musicians (Trasher, 4). The 1500s It was during the 1500s that a transformation of Japanese music occurred from the traditional categories into new methodologies of understanding and playing music. Many of the instrumental concepts began to change and progress with new structures and sounds that were a part of the instruments. This was furthered by the influence from the open area of Japan that was connecting to the Western world and differe nt music of various regions of the world. This specific influence created a difference in the pitches, scales and the overall variety that was in Japan. Each of the types of music which were used traditionally began to expand with forms that carried on the tradition of Japan while progressing into styles that were interested by more Western influences. During this time, there was the ability to expand and change the poetry as well as the instrumental structures and ideals that were used for Japan. The characteristics then began to combine with musical form, pitch, timbre, melody and harmony used throughout Japan (Titon, Fujiie, 159). Historical Styles of Music... Japanese music has held long traditions and several musical styles throughout history. From the past musical styles and contemporary music are diverse ways of expression that are used for culture. Defining the various aspects of Japanese music also shows how the evolution of music has occurred in this country as well as what the perceptions are with the way in which this music is heard and performed. The discovery of Japanese music furthers the ideologies of theories within music as well as what is understood in terms of expression that is linked directly to the culture and society of Japan. The traditional music of Japan is known for its rich history and several styles. There are various types of music played for specific occasions as well as different categories which depict what is heard within the region. The music consists of solo music, chamber pieces, court music, festival and folk, theater music, percussion, epic singing and religious music. Each of these is developed either for occasions or to show a specific character that is a part of the surrounding culture and society while telling a story about a different element of society. The concepts that are associated with the music of Japan are diverse and include a continuous progression that is used within the culture. When examining the different styles of music, it can be seen that there have been several ways to hold onto traditions as well as to progress into contemporary music. The ancient types of music have been followed by several types and styles used for various means, specifically which were influenced by politics and culture that is in the region. This is followed by more contemporary trends that both incorporate the music as folk style while creating a different understanding of popular music that is causing Japan to move into alternative styles within society.

The Architecture of Sleep and the Function of Dreams Essay

The Architecture of Sleep and the Function of Dreams - Essay Example This stage is called stage 1 or NREM sleep. Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2, as EEG further reduces; and it keeps on decreasing while the amplitude of slow waves increases during stage 3. This mixed pattern causes high amplitude delta waves in the deepest sleep or Stage 4; which is also called SWS. Shifts in posture occur; followed by REM. ‘At an interval of 90 minutes, REM/NREM phases alternate; while the NREM stages dominate the first third of the night and REM stages dominates the last third’. (McNamara, 2004, p.p 1-2) We dream during the REM phases of sleep. The dreams of the REM phase have the dream-like quality of emotional drama, fantasy, excitement, and liveliness. The dreams during the NREM phases are more like conceptual thinking and the scenes are usually taken or adapted from our everyday lives. Moreover, the dream intervals at the onset of sleep are short; and they increase in each subsequent REM-NREM cycle after every 90 minutes. The last dream could be of 30-40 minute duration. Freud believed in his Interpretation of Dreams (1911) that the basic function of dreams was wish-fulfillment. ‘We now see what this function is.

The Freedom of a Christian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Freedom of a Christian - Essay Example However, justification by faith can only be done through believing in Christ. Believing in Christ is the root of Christianity and thus justification using this mean would result to righteousness without slavery to the law. Section 2 Christian faith is very important in the life of a Christian. It is regarded to be among the virtues that could drive the life of a Christian towards achievement of righteousness and freedom. Christians have different levels of Christian faith. However, nobody should boast that he has sufficient faith. The author agrees in this treatise that he does not have a wealth of faith (Luther, 1970). However, temptations have to occur to test the degree of Christian faith that Christians have. Christian faith is attained through believing in Christ and grows through passing through temptations and overcoming them. The strength associated with it is great and an essential asset that could help Christians to grow in Christianity and become better Christians. Christi ans should not succumb to what other people say about them. They should behave like masters who are willing to please only Christ. It is always clear that a person cannot become what others say about him unless be makes himself a slave to it. In failing to become what others say, the Christian becomes what his faith demands him to become. Faith does not emphasize on the laws but requires a Christian what is right according to what Christ demands. As a result, the aspect of emphasize on Christian laws is eliminated when faith comes into play and emphasize on grace takes its place. As a result, Christians are made justified on by their actions but by their faith in Christ. This makes them free from the judgment and condemnation of others in terms of their actions. Although Christians are free from judgment and condemnation of law, they are required to be righteous and to serve other people. This is because righteousness and service to other people is a requirement of the faith in Chri st. However, they should do this because of a desire to serve others and to please Christ and not because it is a doctrinal requirement. Therefore, righteousness and freedom should come from within a Christian without being caused by external factors. However, even within an individual Christian, there are two opposing forces. This is because an individual is made up of two persons. One person is the inner person and the other person is the outer person (Luther, 1970). What pleases the inner person does not please the outer person and vice versa. Christian faith makes Christians to emphasize mainly on pleasing the inner person. Physical person of a Christian can have various abilities like preaching, praying, and reading of scriptures. However, when these are not accompanied by faith they are of no use. This is because it can also be done by the individuals who are pretending to be Christians. The spiritual person can also undertake various works like contemplation and meditation. H owever, this is also insignificant without faith. This is because it might have little or no effect to the life of a Christian. Christian faith is however very crucial in the Christian life of an individual. This is because it promotes both righteousness and freedom of a Christian. This helps a Christian to grow and be able to overcome the temptations that might come on his way.

Sonia Sanchez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sonia Sanchez - Essay Example She started with Homecoming in 1969 and with the passage of time, created a wonderful collection of child books, dramas and essays. In her sixties, Sanchez, together with her colleagues, actively participated in the black studies movement after black studies were banned in the San Francisco State College. She served as the head of the Afro-American Studies Program in the Amherst College. Sanchez did not ever try to be just an essayist or a dramatist or a poet. She has served as an excellent teacher in addition to these. She made several trips to China, Cuba and Scandinavia. Sanchez is known for a dazzling performative manner. Instead of reading her works like a slow-paced British professor, Sanchez would inculcate the African and African American cadence into the performance. In 1984, her volume, homegirls & handgrenades emerged (Gates, 2004). One year later, Sanchez’s literary skills were appreciated with the American Book Award. She has written 16 books in her lifetime (soni asanchez.net, n.d.). The topics of Sanchez’s poems originated in the societal worries and her articulate manner made them a fundamental source of instigation and tenderization of the Black Arts movement. References: AALBC.com (2011). When one reads Sonia Sanchez, one knows the state of black America. Retrieved from http://aalbc.com/authors/sonia.htm. Gates, H. (2004).

Data Protection Act 1998 Essay Example for Free

Data Protection Act 1998 Essay During face to face and telephone conversation you should always be well mannered, presentable and speak with appropriate language and be informative to the conversation at hand. What type of questioning you as a therapist should use; You should always use open and closed questions when dealing with a client, open question e. g. what treatments have you had before. A closed question e. g. have had this treatment before. Personal behaviour; Your personal behaviour should always be professional and informative to the client’s needs so you give the best options to your client with the next professional presentation. Personal professional presentation; Your professional personal presentation should always be clean, neat and fresh smelling and meet the salons rules and regulation, because the first person the client meets and see’s is you, and you should show a good presentation because your jobs is to make the client look and feel more beautiful whilst selling products to them. Data protection and storage information; Data protection and storage of information should always be followed to the data protection act regulations, to avoid any information being found be someone inappropriate and used in a harmful way. This information should be stored away in a locked cupboard or on computer with a password. Timings and costs; Timing and costs should always be memorised and learnt by all staff members to ensure the salon runs efficiently, that the clients are well informed on procedures and prices and so that there is no dispute with the information given and that treatments won go over causing over booking of the therapist and loss of profits for the salon. How to keep payments safe and secure; Payments should be kept safe and secure in a cash register with a key or electronic lock, and only people of authority should have a copy of a copy of the keys or codes. What types of problems that may occur in the salon; Miss-informed treatment prices leading to an unhappy customer. Clients being late for appointments and being turned away or asked to wait due to time keeping the receptionist and therapist has to keep to run a smooth salon. Contra-actions due to a reaction to certain treatments leading to an unhappy client. All of these problems should be referred to the salon manager or owner to deal with, as you as the therapist have no jurisdiction here, unless you are salon manager.

Diverse Racial Experience Essay Example for Free

Diverse Racial Experience Essay The chapter by Ruth Frankenberg entitled, Introduction: Points of Origin, Points of Departure, argues that the way one is perceived in society drastically changes their experience and advantage over others. Therefore, white women are often distinguished by their whiteness which gives them a more diverse racial experience (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 1). With being white comes various additional components that set it apart from the other raced women of the world. Moreover, being a white woman automatically links them to a more favourable position of superiority in the way that they are often identified. This means that they get certain benefits by being white, as colonialism positioned them to have a large portion of control and authority over others. This provides them with the advantage to define the public and its individual beings the way they believe or want it to be. Moreover, they see their whiteness as a normative position in society that is invisible. Frankenberg`s goal is to make whiteness visible so that a white person can identify that they have an advantage over a person of colour by virtue of their skin. She also takes into consideration the intersectionality of class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality in a white racialized body (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 1). Colonization is an important factor to Frankenberg because of how it uncovers the concept of whiteness and how it subsequently became associated to a position of authority and power. In the article `The Murder of Pamela George`, the author observes that history of colonial violence permitted white men to annex land that did not belong to them and treat it as though they were entitled to it (Razack, 2004 ,pp.127). This perception has perpetuated the control and authority of white people throughout history. A critique in the second wave of feminism made white feminists reconsider what and for whom they were advocating. The movement of feminism was envisioned to include all women but it only targeted one specific group of white middle class women. This occurred because the women could only see there suffering from their particular standpoint. This is seen in the article The Problem That Has No Name by Betty Friedan since she assumes that all women are homogeneous and all have the same lived experiences. She does not consider race, class, and sexuality as a factor in feminism (1997). White women mostly consider their whiteness as undetectable and thus not subject to racism (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 3). These white feminists in the second wave were unintentionally being racist towards other women; this made them unsure about how to precede and resolve this issue (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 4). Frankenberg educated herself about racism by positioning herself to learn from the standpoint of women of colour. Enakshi Dua stated in her article that, in order to understand how race and gender are interconnected one has to listen to the lived experiences of women of colour (2005, pp. 64). Frankenberg followed this method formulating questions that she wanted to investigate to find out how racism affects a white women`s life and how society propagates racism through societal means. After answering these questions Frankenberg proceeded to figure out how white women can fight against racism. Most white women believe that their race is invisible and do not realize that it gives them a distinct experience in the world. This is because the dominant class structures society and thus normalizes whiteness. White women and women of colour have distinct experiences that are subject to how they experience racism. Whiteness is socially constructed and it does affect a white women`s life. However, white women usually tended to regard racism as something that has no effect on them and that women of colour only have to live through (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 6). This belief does not put the onus on the white people and it does not identify the perpetrator of the subjection. Racism does not just happen, it is constructed (Tim Wise 2005). Therefore, it impacts the lives of white women which makes race and gender intersectional for all women not just women of colour. There is a denial in the observations that there is one specific dominating male gender. There is also an abundance of only white women`s experiences by this masculine hegemon. After women realized that the world view did not only have to be seen on a male standpoint the world started to shift views (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). Women of colour now want to focus on a standpoint from a radicalized point of view in order to stop racism. Moreover, since white people are the oppressors they cannot see how their situation is reinforcing racism. People of colour are the oppressed and know exactly how they are underprivileged. Subsequently, women of colour were the first to see how gender, race and class forms a persons experience in life (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 8). White women did not see their race as something that was constructed. They did not see themselves as racialized because they were coming from a position of privilege. This position for a white person was normalized throughout American history. Therefore, in order to deconstruct race white women have to admit it is something that affects them (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 11). Race is in a fluid motion and changes constantly with society because it is an economic and political construct. Historically, the white dominance was vindicated because of false biological account that white people were superior (Frankenberg, 1993, pp. 13). This biology justified colonization as well as the enslavement of people of colour that soon followed. The justification shifted to culture as the reason that made people inferior and if they integrated with American culture they would achieve success on merit like white people. However, this belief kept blaming people of colour for their position in society.People of colour were first seen as different from white people, then there was an embrace of colour blindness, and finally people realized that they needed to be able to see the differences in society so they can explain them. This last movement’s purpose was to make people aware of race; this was led by the people of colour themselves. They did not want to be invisible because there situation was not improving because people were ignoring the underlying problem. The racialization of people of colour and white people was constructed with colonization. The European culture was embedded into the way the United States constructed its country. This constructed whiteness as belonging and being a person of colour as an outsider (Dua 2005, pp. 60). The dominant western culture –which was white- positioned itself to dominant over the other races. This created the standard citizen that belonged and made people of colour not included in the so called superior western culture. Frankenberg`s argument illuminates how the dominant class rationalized whiteness as not being racialized. Colonization formed the dominant race and reproduced it through society. By normalizing whiteness the white people did not need to consider how it benefited them and subsequently how it negatively affected people of colour. By naming whiteness, Frankenberg will be able to pinpoint how that perception can change so that people can be equal even with there differences. In conclusion, by admitting that white people are racialized will assist anti-racist feminists in their mission to stop the racialization of all people. This would stop white people from believing that they are the only ones that belong in North America and eventually create a system based on meritocracy rather then privilege by virtue of a persons skin.

How Technology Has Changed Law Enforcement Criminology Essay

How Technology Has Changed Law Enforcement Criminology Essay The purpose of this paper is to discover how technology has changed the role of law enforcement personnel and how crimes and criminals have changed since the days of the Roman Empire. The objective is to show the advancements in technology that will aid our law enforcement agencies and police in fighting crime and to stop crime before it happens. This paper explains how the role of police officer has slowly changed up until the 21st century. Since the year 2000, everything has been quickly changing. New technologies have provided criminals with a whole new class of crimes and have also made it extremely difficult for them to get caught. At the same time, new technologies have been developed to help law enforcement fight against this new class of crime and criminal. The problem is that the new high-tech criminals are ahead in the fight. Although there has been a trend of consolidating law enforcement agencies, over the years, there is still a large resistance to the idea. Many states have merged agencies and have become more efficient in the way of service but many more a slow to realize the benefits of merging when it comes to fighting globalized crimes. Government agencies, such as the FBI, CIA, and Homeland Security seem to have an endless supply of funds that they can use to obtain the ways and means to fight 21st century crime. Terrorism is their main concern. Those at the federal level are attempting to merge efforts with state and local law enforcement agencies. Not much evidence was found to show that the federal government agencies are providing the lower levels of law enforcement with much needed funds. How does the role of police officer need to change in order to adequately protect our citizens from 21st century crimes and criminals? Chapter 2: History of Law Enforcement From the time when the development of society first began, some sort of law enforcement existed to defend the people against violence and crime and to keep rulers in command. Even in the Biblical era, there were armed personnel enlisted to uphold the peace. In ancient Egypt, a pharaoh reined over the land and his army of soldiers pursued the Israelites through the Red Sea. There were other similar civilizations like the Babylonians, the Syrians, and the Palestinians, just to name a few (Uchida, 1993). The most well established of all military armies was the Roman Empire. The Romans had an incredibly efficient and brutal mode of law enforcement that was established in order to uphold peace and enforce order. The Roman citizens never actually had an authentic police force, it wasnt until clan chiefs and state leaders were required to protect their people, back in the 5th century that police forces were established (Uchida, 1993). London was first to hire and pay keepers of the peace back in 1663. The idea quickly spread throughout the U.K. In June of 1800, Scotland established the Glasgow city police department. Glasgow police were the first trained police officers and were proficient in defensive policing. In 1829, Scotlands Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act, establishing the earliest civil police force model that has, over the last 181 years, has been adopted by many other countries, including the U. S. In 1834, Canada established its Toronto Police Force, making it one of the first police agencies in North America. 1939 brought the first full-time police department in U. S., namely, the Boston Police Department (Uchida, 1993). When civic policing was originally established in London in 1829, the focus was on stopping crime before it started: The community and the officials themselves looked upon the goal of policing as the nonexistence of crime. The original police officers in the U.S. were called peace officers; nevertheless, a markedly American approach of policing started to transpire in the States subsequent to the ending of the Civil War. As early settlers colonized the West, they realized they had to protect themselves from the natives. This realization led to the development of vigilante groups that were able to establish a list of township laws and frequently hired a so called gunfighter to be the townships sheriff in expectation of adequate protection. Over the decades, the American policing system changed from preventing crime to capturing and punishing law breakers. This system of law enforcement has reigned over time and has been adopted by numerous other countries (Stephens, 2005). The first modern police teams in America borrowed a great deal from those previously established in England. American law enforcement agencies adopted the strategy of crime deterrence, defensive patrol, and the military directorial plan of the first contemporary police department in London. American policing also borrowed additional elements from the English structure, such as, limitations to the amount of authority bestowed to police officers (Maguire, 1997). The security of individual freedom was greatly stressed in both the U. S. and England, consequently, limits were established on legislative and police authorities. This wasnt the situation in other European nations, where police organizations were allowed a wider range of control and individuals had few personal freedoms (Walker, 1999). Many countries have one central, state-run law enforcement agency. The U. S. and England do not. The American structure of law enforcement is controlled at the local, state, and federal levels, with the bulk of departments being community municipalities. One feature of U. S. policing system that was adopted from English heritage is a vastly decentralized and fragmented method of law enforcement. According to 1993 statistics, there are just about twenty thousand single law enforcement agencies within the U. S. The lack of organization and cooperation between individual law enforcement groups is a common characteristic of the American approach to law enforcement (Maguire et al, 1998). Even though the U.S. adopted the English model of a police force, there are several differences between the English and U. S. methods of law enforcement. England does not have a powerful political influence over their police agencies, unlike the U.S. and our daunting relationship between politics and policing. In fact, policing in America throughout the 19th century has been described as being disorganized, unproductive, unprofessional, and extremely corrupt (Walker, 1999). Those were times of high turnover of police officers, largely due to politics. For this reason, officers were not likely to have chummy relationships with the neighborhood people. During this time, police officers were notorious for brutality and were highly disrespected by the community. Police corruption led to an increase in violence among the towns people as well and thus resulted in weapon toting policemen (Walker, 1999). The 20th century brought on major changes to policing in the U. S. Underlying these changes was three main principle forces: (Gaines et al, 1999). Political reform. Modern technologies. The civil rights movement. Early in the 1900s, an extensive social and political movement in the U. S. called Progressivism was bringing awareness to and calling for total reform across a wide gamut of societal struggles. Progressives alleged that it was the governments duty to enhance the living conditions of the people. The Progressives demanded laws that would regulation sizeable businesses and corrupt local politics, modifications in labor laws, and upgrades to the whole of social welfare services (Walker, 1999). This reform effort was to the professionalization of police officers. The professionalization movement was to reform the ineffective and corrupt police departments that had been created throughout the 19th century. During this era of reform, there was a complete restructuring of police agencies and the role of police officers was redefined. The reformers goal was to eradicate political control, hire competent leaders, and elevate recruiting standards. The reform agenda involved the development of an unbiased public service administration and the restructuring of police agencies through the utilization of the principles of scientific management and the creation of specialized units (Walker, 1999). Table 1 Number of Major Events in the Last 40 Years that helped form Law Enforcement into what it is today. 1970s 1980,s 1990,s 21st Century Civil Uprising 44 13 10 1910 KKK 1 1 0 0 Black Militancy 6 0 0 0 Terrorist Attacks 10 11 9 23 Failed Terrorist Attacks 5 3 2 10 Intercepted Terrorist Plots 0 0 7 25 Chapter 3: Early Technology in Police Work The 20th century saw new technology that had a notable affect on policing in the U. S. Three specific technologies revolutionized policing: (Garretson, 2005). The two-way radio. The patrol car. The telephone. The two-way radio furnished on duty communication among supervisors and their officers, immediately impacting the quality of service to the community. The patrol car was presented in the 1920s and drastically increased the mobility of officers and radically lowered response time. The telephone made it possible for people to have a direct connection with the police department (Garretson, 2005). These new technologies also had a few unconstructive consequences. The patrol car isolated the police officers, where previously on foot, the officers were well-known in the neighborhood they patrolled and were able to visit with the citizens they came in contact with. The patrol car made law enforcement officers outsiders in their own communities. The telephone seriously increased the patrol officers workload. Individuals commenced telephoning the police department for trivial and private troubles that patrol officers were not accustomed to dealing with. The telephone changed casual civilian contact to personal contact by bringing officers into peoples homes (Garretson, 2005). Chapter 4: Modern Technology in Law Enforcement Here, in the 21st century, technology is advancing in the areas of; communication, computer systems, weapons, brain wave sensors, density scanners, amplified realism, biometrics, vision enhancers, and many more. Developments in technology will supply police departments with viable equipment that will greatly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement personnel. Scientists within the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) are operating with government agencies in the development of new technological devices that are going to be used by law enforcement agencies (Brandenstein, 2002). One such type of gadget is called the mini-buster. The mini-buster is a handheld device that senses the density of solid items so as to locate secret compartments that are concealed in the body of a vehicle. It can locate hidden compartments that could possibly be used to smuggle illegal imports, terrorist devices, and any other prohibited substances (Brandenstein, 2002). Scientists have produced a wireless interoperability system that can connect all federal, state, and local broadcasting frequencies. This system guarantees real-time communication for first-responder emergency personnel. To aid law enforcement officers with searches and evidence display, scientists have created a non-intrusive freight inspection device that discloses the contents of sealed containers. This device can also distinguish contents such as drugs, weapons, biological agents, and explosives. This device saves precious time and promises a certain amount of protection to police officers and investigators (Brandenstein, 2001). The scientists at CTAC have also created a video stabilization apparatus that electronically changes worthless, unstable surveillance video into comprehensible, court ready evidence. CTAC also supplies federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies with night vision and digital wiretapping devices (Brandenstein, 2002). Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) systems are built-in camera databases that also take pictures of car license plates and then compare them against databases of stolen cars or license plates (Banlingit, 2009). ALPRs were created in the 1980s to fight IRA assaults in England. ALPRs monitor all automobiles entering London. In the U.S. the ALPRs were first utilized along the borders at points of entry. This fixed position technology has become accessible in smaller, more sophisticated editions. At this time there are a number of companies manufacturing mobile APLRs that can be installed onto patrol cars (Balingit, 2009). At the moment a police officer starts his car, the APLR continuously takes 60 pictures per second and processes each license plate. As soon as a plate number is obtained, the numbers and letters are processed with OCR software (Optical Character Recognition) and compared to the information in another database to reveal a match. Although not advisable, the ALPRs works so fast that an ALPR-equipped patrol car traveling at over 100 mph can process the license plate of each and every car it passes in a parking lot, on both sides, and in total darkness. Furthermore the driver of the police car by no means needs to remove his hands from the steering wheel (Balingit, 2009). Mobile ALPRs are presently being used all over the U.S. and Canada. When other databases are linked, these ALPRs will provide police officers with important information on the vehicle itself and the vehicles owner (Belingit, 2009). Â   One of the largest hurdles in dealing with people from a different nation is speech. Language limitations make a complex job of identification and interviewing more complex. Most law enforcement officers have access to some type translation service, typically in the form of telephone translation services. However, this kind of service is not equivalent to employing a native speaker. Language translators will be able to fill the void (NLECTC U.S. 2003). There are actually quite a few varieties: desktop, handheld/portable, and Internet. The desktop systems that are presently on the market do not necessarily offer the finest in free form translation, meaning you can actually talk into them and they will translate what you said into the language you choose. Due to the large amounts of memory required, these types of systems are generally made for use on desktop computers. This technology is not broadly accessible and the cost is astronomical. Inside a few years the cost will decrease and it will likely be logical to think that an officer will be able to interrogate a suspect in their native language through a computer and in real time (NLECTC U.S. 2003). The handheld language translators that are available today offer some speech recognition capabilities. Handheld systems do not permit a person to ask any questions they want, but they do contain the ability to recognize customary questions asked by law enforcement and afterward play back a translation. Created for U.S. military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan these translators are reasonably priced and could undoubtedly aid law enforcement officers with speaking to people in various languages. Other languages can be added at any time. Translation devices have the ability to facilitate agency operations and to cut down miscommunication among police officers and the general public (NLECTC U.S. 2003). Researchers in the U. K. are conducting biometrics research in order to assemble a database of violent criminals and sex offenders (McCue, 2003). This database will use facial and voice recognition systems to correlate with the electronic fingerprint and palm print identification system. Video cameras and microphones that are being used in public and concealed surveillance systems will be able to identify thousands of violent criminals that saunter by (McCue, 2001). The Pinellas County, Florida, Sheriffs Office currently utilizes facial identification equipment to identify prisoners booked into the county jail. The facial identification system is capable of taking four facial pictures in under five seconds. The images are entered into the database where they are accessible to law enforcement agencies all over the world (Facial Recognition, 2004). Law enforcement officers face a big challenge when people provide them with false information regarding their identity. Knowing the real identity of someone they are dealing with could mean the difference between life and death. Until recently, there were very few ways that an officer could use to determine who an individual really was. MVD records could be searched if a photo drivers license was presented, if the license is legitimate (Weiss Davis, 2005). Facial recognition technology uses unalterable facial features, such as the distance between the pupil centers of the eye. It then uses an algorithm, which is a finite set of steps for solving a problem, to convert the image to numbers. The computer program compares the digital photograph of a face with the ones in the database and is able to identify a match, with the most probable match first. The police officer then decides which of the computers matches of the person in question. Facial Recognition Devices can also be used to identify a body as long as a good image can be taken (Weiss Davis, 2005). Chapter 5: Future Technology in Law Enforcement The U. S. Department of Defense research workers have developed a very unique uniform called (LEAP), which stands for Law Enforcement Advanced Protection System. This uniform delivers ballistic, chemical, and biological armor for S.W.A.T. officers and Hazmat specialists. The LEAP uniform is made of a supple body armor that is designed to contain radios, extra ammunition, hydration pouches, and other necessary gear. The ergonomic load-bearing belt contains a pistol, magazines, handcuffs, flash bangs, along with other equipment. The LEAP helmet contains a GPS system, radio antenna, flashlight, drop-down visor with heads-up display, and a detachable mandible to cover the face and neck. The LEAP uniform comes with boots, kneepads, elbow pads, and a waste management zipper (U.S. Soldier Systems Center, 2004). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are unmanned auto pilot planes designed to survey a predetermined area. First created during World War I, robotic aircraft were utilized for target practice on antiaircraft gunners. Currently UAVs are run by computerized steering or by an out-of-the-way operator, these devices are considered to be an important factor in near future law enforcement operations (Carafano, 2005). Recently, UAVs deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq have received significant publicity due to their capacity to identify and fire upon enemy targets. UAVs have the power to remain in the air for quite a few days; these devices are considered to be a crucial force multiplier enabling police officers to keep an eye on emergent situations with a birds eye view by means of specialized sensors and video equipment (Carafano, 2005). UAVs have been tested with a range of degrees of success by federal law enforcement agencies such as the Department of Defense and U.S. Border Patrol. The future of UAVs will not be exclusively available to agencies with mega dollar budgets. Restricted border monitoring committees including the American Border Patrol have operated cheaper versions of UAVs for detecting prohibited border traffic since 2004. Purchasing smaller, consumer retail products, these types of exclusive groups have employed UAVs outfitted with night vision that cost under $30,000 each. As more and more law enforcement agencies find merit in this technology, costs are going to be driven down. In the not so far-off future, the currently used television helicopter will likely be replaced by a highflying, ultra-quiet law enforcement-issued UAV (Carafano, 2005). The militarys development of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) could significantly affect law enforcement. Using nanotechnology, the police UAVs would be the size of a small bird and stay aloft quietly for several hours. Using facial and voice recognition software, the devices could scan hundreds of yards in multiple directions, day or night, for known felons or wanted persons. One UAV could do the work of several plain-clothed officers in unmarked vehicles (Olligschlaeger, 2004). The new exoskeleton suit can be worn by an officer and uses nanotechnology and artificial muscles to allow the officer to run with minimal effort, over prolonged periods, at a speed of up to 20 mph. The suit also enables officers to lift up to four times their body weight (Olligschlaeger, 2004). The most interesting human and computer relationship could be the Mind Switch or Environmental Control Unit (ECU). Scientists at the University of Technology in Sydney have developed this extraordinary device. It could be described as a hands free remote control. The device responds to human brain waves that are brought on by thought. When the wearer of the device thinks about turning on the television, the device will remotely turn on the television (Rice, 2004). Augmented reality (AR) is a powerful new technology that is being developed. AR will provide situational awareness by projecting images into a persons real world vision. This device could aide law enforcement officers in several ways: (Cowper Buerger, 2003). Patrol car operator data and regional traffic management information on a heads-up display to make driving safer and more efficient, especially during pursuit and rapid response situations (2003). Identification Friend or Foe technology, worn by every police officer to reduce or eliminate friendly fire casualties by visually, audibly and/or haptically highlighting fellow police officers both on and off duty (2003). Display of officer location, activity and status information projected on a 3-dimensional map of the community (2003). The coordinated use of robots, UAVs and police officers managed through an AR network to enhance surveillance activities (2003). The use of realistic training scenarios to simulate dangerous police environments while blending real world equipment and fellow trainees into the scenario (2003). For some time now, computers have had the ability to process instructions from human verbal communication by means of voice analysis software. The next inherent step is voice interaction, comparable to that of an interactive robot. Robotic assistants are vastly intelligent computers that make use of a combination of emerging technologies: speech identification, vocalization synthesis, and amplified reality. The probabilities are to all intents and purposes endless. incorporating this device into an infinite number of public and restricted databases, employing data mining technology, and communicating with existing law enforcement communications systems (Computer Aided Dispatch, GPS guided locator systems, mobile data computers, etc.), will create an incredibly powerful and efficient information management system. A police officer using one of these devices in the field could accomplish many tasks at the same time by merely conversing with the device and dictating spoken commands (Cow per Buerger, 2003). Some additional technological advancement on the horizon include personal assistants, speech synthesis, wearable computers, data mining, liquid body armor, electronic clothing, artificial intelligence and crime forecasting (Olligschlaeger, 2004). Chapter 6: Agency Consolidation Research For centuries new there have agency consolidations, arguments over the idea, and endless discussions on the subject. The idea of consolidating over 17,000 law enforcement agencies throughout the U. S. into 1,000 regional agencies dates back to the 50s and was immediately rejected. Rural Americans were not pleased with the idea of losing local control. Rural communities also prefer to have very little government influence (Brown, 2009). Most small town police departments are comfortable with how their department is operated, the services they provide, and the local people whom they employ. They believe that a regional agency would bring uncertainty to their employment status and the nature of their jobs. The development of a regional agency would provide more services and better protection but this argument was also rejected due to the fact that small towns residents feel they do not need any more services or better protection. Nearly all small town communities feel their police departments are providing adequate service to the local people (Brown, 2009). Edward J. Tully (2002) believes there to be, seven main reasons why agency consolidation should at least be considered, they are listed as follows: Current regionalization efforts among jails have been successful. Las Vegas and Jacksonville have successfully merged police and sheriff offices into one metropolitan police force. Country wide based police forces have been successfully established in fast growing suburban counties (2002). Police related technology is extremely costly and the capabilities outweigh the need in most police departments. Computer technology is easily shared but the desire to share information is rare (2002). The U.S. is rapidly changing in terms of demographics, culture, and economy. Rural areas are losing population. The number of people approaching retirement age is increasing. The U.S. is more ethnically diverse than ever before. The majority of work has moved from blue collar to white collar. Crime rates have drastically increased in recent years. Our law enforcement officers have to be more sophisticated, more diverse, and more technologically proficient in order to deal effectively with todays criminals (2002). In this age of ceaseless litigation, the actions of one misguided police officer can result in liability to the entire agency. One judgment awarded against a rural police officer could bankrupt that department. A regional police agency would not directly deter misconduct but would spread the liability costs easing the financial strain (2002). Consolidation of police agencies would employ over 1500 officers and if properly trained and managed, could lead to a far more professional police force largely due to increased salaries and benefits, increased training, specialized services, and opportunities for promotion. The recruitment of highly qualified people would be considerably enhanced (2002). Police officers would have better resources to provide protection to citizens against criminal behavior, a higher quality of investigation, faster response times, and adequate man power for emergencies (2002). The nature of crime is changing. Cybercrimes, both national and international, such as terrorism, narcotics trafficking. These types of crime are beyond the available resource for small departments to investigate. Criminals realize this and use it to their advantage. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to involve the government in such criminal activity which reduces the sovereign power of state and local governments (2002). According to Edward J. Tully (2002), There is no evidence that the lack of regional police forces is causing any hardship on rural/suburban Americans. Evidence does show that this nations thousands of local police forces are getting the job done. The concept of bigger is better has proved true in our countries industries, commerce, schools, medical fields. Organizational growth allows for innovation, specialization, and increased productivity (Tully, 2002). According to OConnor (2009), The 10th Amendment of the United States Constitution reserves police powers to the states, and both federalism and tradition have resulted in a fragmented police structure at lower levels. Government, state, county, and local law enforcement agencies are constantly involved in consolidating or establishing new police departments. Massachusetts has abolished a number of county police agencies and assigned their police duties to state agencies. In Michigan, a state police agency is usually assigned to patrol just one city or county. Consolidation takes place when two or more police departments are combined into one, and commonly takes place in areas where two cities have grown closer together or one city has grown so large that it takes covers the majority of the county (OConnor, 2009). Chapter 7: Terrorism and Law Enforcement The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created by merging 22 separate agencies in one department whose primary mission is protecting the homeland. In order to be effective at fighting this countries war on terrorism, the DHS, along with local, state, regional, and national law enforcement agencies will all need to work together. What will be the role for police officers to play in the 21st Century; peace keepers, antiterrorism specialists, community outreach agents? One criminal-justice futurist, Gene Stephens, states, Better educated police officers with improved people skills and a stronger grasp on emerging technologies will be crucial to successful policing in the future. (2005) Even the most optimistic futuristic thinkers in the field are finding it difficult how police are going to be able to handle the increasing rate of terrorism and cybercrime and still be able to fight, the also increasing, crime on our countries streets. Futurists in the DHS feel that success can achieved with better education, training, and mentoring. These three things will give street cops the means to fit into the new law enforcement structure that is designed to fight and prevent terrorism (Stephens, 2005). The main challenge with this is that more than 90% of the police officers in the U.S. only have a high school diploma or GED. Police training in the U.S. takes three to four months to complete plus a little time performing on-the-job training. This short course in police training encompasses basic self defense, firing range, and field tactics. Very little time is spent on the skills needed to prevent crime and on improving community services. The members of the PFI agree that police officers in the U.S. need more education and focused training in order to be able to handle high-tech international crimes (Stephens, 2005). Attacks on our homeland are performed by criminals both inside and outside of this country. Terrorist tactics are being utilized by criminals that are U.S. citizens. These criminals are usually recruited gangs or major drug operation groups. These groups are recruited by terrorist groups to divert the police, usually through vigilant acts (Stephens, 2005). U.S. policing is being federalized in terms of policies, funding, direction, and control. The U.S. government, mainly the Office of Homeland Security, is forming alliances with police departments and private-sector corporations. The DHS is looking into adopting policing methods and standards of other countries that have been dealing with terrorism for many years, such as England, Ireland, France, and Israel. These countries also demand higher entrance and training standards for their police (Stephens, 2005). Law enforcement agencies incessantly have issues with the information privacy laws. Despite the fact that private individuals and criminals have been able to obtain and misuse the private and perso

association of kenyan women writers :: essays research papers

The Association of Media Women in Kenya, AMWIK, is a national media association whose overall concern is to promote and represent interests of women in the media and women in general, particularly in as far as the media portrays them and in their efforts to participate equally in national development. The association was started in 1983 with the prime desire to promote the interests and advancement of women in the media. The organization is apolitical and is run on a voluntary basis by members who also work in various media houses in the country. The membership of sixty, is drawn from women professionals in the print, electronic, advertising and public relations. MISSION To use the media to promote the status of women in general, and to address the concerns of media women in particular, through various projects. OBJECTIVES To organise and unite media women professionals in fellowship and link them with other similar organizations elsewhere. To advance their interests in the profession and promote their understanding of the media profession. To promote the exchange of technical knowledge and professional expertise through the association. To promote training and job opportunities through scholarships, on-the-job guidance, lectures at girls schools and other institutions. To promote understanding of issues through the media as they affect women. OTHER PROGRAMMES Gender Training for Journalists: This has been going on since 1997 and aims at making coverage of women more gender sensitive. Response and interest generated by this training has shown the great need to continue with it. Journalists proposed both training of other journalists and editors so both men and women can get fair coverage. CIDA’s Gender Equity Support project and British Council sponsored this project. Training on Business Writing: This was necessitated by the realisation that women journalists are not involved in the coverage of business/economic issues. The objectives therefore were, to interest women journalists in the issues and encourage them to venture into this area. Women journalists proposed the need to continue the programme in order to equip them further. Nairobi Stock Exchange, NSE and British Council sponsored it. Media Monitoring: The project aims at monitoring how the media covers women in an effort to use the data for advocacy and change. The association has carried out a monitoring exercise in the coverage of violence against women. It intends to make it a regular exercise. It is supported by UN fund for women, UNIFEM.

James Lovell Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James A. Lovell, captain in the United States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur Senior and Blanch Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named â€Å"Apollo 13†. Well, there is more to learn about Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a bit more in his life that many people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell’s interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to build rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was only twelve years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program later on in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He then went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval Test Pilot School. He finished there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax River’s Naval Air Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the plane’s weapon system. After that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After all of Lovell’s hard work, it had finally paid off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovell’s career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup crew for five other missions. Lovell’s first time in space was aboard the Gemini Seven with Frank Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovell’s fourth and final mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and the Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve power and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life. Resources: http://imagine5.com http://www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.html http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/ http://mcn.org James Lovell Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James A. Lovell, captain in the United States Navy was born on March 25, 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents are James Arthur Senior and Blanch Lovell. You may have heard of James Lovell through the popular movie recently made named â€Å"Apollo 13†. Well, there is more to learn about Lovell than a movie about his dramatic journey back to Earth in 1970. Believe it or not he did do quite a bit more in his life that many people do not know about. Hopefully through reading this report you will learn many more facts about James A. Lovell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell’s interest in flying dated clear back into his early childhood. He loved to build rockets as a child. Though many of his first rockets were failures, Lovell was very persistent in what he was doing. His first successful rocket was launched from his backyard in Wisconsin when he was only twelve years old. It seemed as though James A. Lovell was destined to become a great pilot for the United States Space Program later on in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lovell graduated from Juneau High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Straight out of high school James attended the University of Wisconsin for two years. He then went to the United States Naval Academy until 1952 where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. For six years afterward Lovell attended the Naval Test Pilot School. He finished there in 1958. Upon completion James was employed as a test pilot at Pax River’s Naval Air Test Center from 1958 until 1961. Some of his responsibilities at the test center were Program Manager for the F-4H Phantom, and was also accountable for looking over the plane’s weapon system. After that, Lovell served as a Flight Instructor at the Oceana Naval Air Station in Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After all of Lovell’s hard work, it had finally paid off. In September 1962 he was chosen to become an astronaut. In Lovell’s career at NASA he flew on a total of four missions. He was also on the backup crew for five other missions. Lovell’s first time in space was aboard the Gemini Seven with Frank Borman. His second mission flown was Gemini Twelve with Pilot Edwin Aldrin. The third time he went up was with Frank Borman and William Anders in the Apollo Eight Spacecraft. Lovell’s fourth and final mission was Apollo Thirteen accompanied by Fred W. Haise Jr. and John L. S... ...ccurred. This left Apollo Thirteen crippled and without much hope of return to Earth. The men in the crew of Apollo Thirteen and the Ground Control in Houston worked very closely with each other finding every way possible to conserve power and oxygen. In the end, the crew of Apollo Thirteen splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean. This is the most dramatic mission NASA has ever conducted in the history of the space program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I would like to share some of the things Lovell did after his career in the space program. President Johnson appointed Lovell Consultant to the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Later in 1970 he became the chairman of the Council. Lovell then retired from NASA and the Navy in 1973 where then he became the Consultant of the Council again. He joined the Bay-Houston Towing Company in Houston. In 1977 he became President of Fisk Telephone Systems in Houston. With everything. taken into consideration, I would say James A. Lovell had a pretty exciting and well-lived life. Resources: http://imagine5.com http://www.ari.nct/nss/askastro/Lovell/biograpy.html http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/ http://mcn.org

Flexicurity a Relevant Approach in Central and Eastern Europe Essay

Flexicurity Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flexicurity is an integrated approach for endorsing security and flexibility in the labor market. Flexicurity endeavors to merge employers’ call for for a flexible labor force with workers’ call for for security. Employee call for security implies the confidence that the employees will not go through stretched periods of joblessness. Flexicurity is a new policy that is called upon because of the increased nee of security and flexibility faced by national governments, European Union, individual workers and companies, as well as sectors of industry. Legislators, policy-makers, employers and trade unions organizations have a strong call for new flexicurity policy concepts and models that guarantee to reunite the strategies of endorsing security and flexibility at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flexibility and security has for a long time seen as incompatible, thus this new policy will be very significant in industrial relations. The EU aim of enhancing security and flexibility in the labor market is to achieve a competitive advantage and open knowledge-based economy across the world that is proficient of sustainable economic expansion with immense cohesion and more and superior job opportunities. The new flexicurity approach is common within the European Employment strategy. The European Employment Guideline 13 formulated in 2001, under the Adaptability pillar, clearly tackle both security and flexibility strategies and also welcomes social stakeholders to mediate and implement appropriate agreements to update the how work is organized, incorporating flexible working programs, with an objective of achieving high productivity, required balance between security and flexibility as well as competitiveness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flexicurity is very vital since appropriate balance between security and flexibility will increase productivity and quality of work, competitiveness and help corporations to adapt to changes in the economy. Flexicurity is important to European employment policies and update of EU labor law especially in the recent economy which is faced by increasing globalization, financial and economic crisis. The position of social dialogue and social partners is greatly emphasized in flexicurity. Swedish industrial relations and labor laws system is based on cooperation between stakeholders, self-regulation and collective bargaining. Collective bargaining is estimated to be 90% and trade unionization is estimated to be about 70 percent. Salaries and other job conditions and terms are set by collective bargaining. European Union member states apply different approaches to flexicurity depending on industrial relations, their labor laws, and social securi ty systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Countries implement the new flexicurity policy with an aim of cutting down market segmentation and enhance changes. Equal treatment of all employees can be attained via values of equal treatment and non-discrimination and appropriate reforms to the guideline of employment security and fixed-term occupation. Flexicurity policies call upon enterprises to make reforms on their existing laws and police in order to accommodate security and flexibility. Functional flexibility has led to a heated debate in the labor markets. In order to come up with effective flexicurity firms should examine the existing internal and external flexibility. Internal flexibility help employees to adjust labor input in case of transitory fall in demand while conserving jobs which are feasible in the long run. Flexicurity poicy can account for the resilience in many European nations especially helping them maintain low and stable unemployment rate. This is because fle xicurity protect employees from income losses connected to key lay-offs and plant closures. However, external flexibility of many firms remained unchanged for the last three decades. Research reveals that income losses of misplaced workers have reduced since the workers can get swift re-employment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flexicurity has faced many criticisms from the people who proposed that flexicurity was developed with an aim of eliminating employment protection legislation, but it encourages a suitable blueprint of employment protection legislation. Open-ended contract between an employee and the employer would be redesigned to incorporate gradual development of job security. The job protection would gradually build-up with the job term, until full job security is attained. The tenure track approach is very significant since it reduces the incidents of employees being trapped in less protected contracts. Reforms of the employment due to economic crisis are aimed at addressing length of procedure, bureaucracy, improve lucidity and make the procedure more dependable. The starting job protection policies may take into consideration notification periods, the procedural phase of dismissal protection and the amount of severance pay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   European Expert Group on Flexicurity propose that use of fixed-term agreement should be reduced and undeclared work should be cut short as swiftly as possible by raising valuable inspections. It is crucial to acknowledge that outside the sphere of the European Employment plan, the open technique of coordination and Europe 2020 Strategy, the flexicurity policy has not yet brought up fresh legal suggestions associated to employment security. Flexicurity slightly regulate the employment security at EU level with an aim of achieving their main objectives and meet the requirement of member states in areas such as protection of workers whose employment contract is abruptly terminated. EU agreement of Fundamental Rights state that every employee has the right to safety from groundless dismissal as per the national and union laws and policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flexicurity has been able to increase flexibility in the labor market while at the same time maintaining security via promotion of more employment opportunities and enough ground of employment benefits. Counties with solid employment protections tend to go through fewer incidents of labor market disruptions as compared to nations with weaker employment security. Flexicurity has dominated over the famous Commission’s labor market policy prescriptions. The interest of flexicurity in labor market originated from Netherlands and Denmark which serve as an example. These countries enjoyed the lowest unemployment rates in the global economy crisis in Europe while maintaining adequate unemployment benefits. The main reason was that Denmark and Netherlands emphasized on active labor market measures accompanied by modest employment protection. European Commission has gradually incorporated flexicurity policies when developing its labor market policy instructions and has persuaded the EU members to develop labor market laws that conform to flexicurity plan. In endeavors to direct development of national policy, the commission highlighted four pillars of flexicurity which include: flexible and dependable contractual agreement between employer and employees, comprehensive long-lasting learning scheme to enlighten the workers, successful active labor market policies and updated social security systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, flexicurity is a very significant strategy that will help countries to cope up even during economic hardship. Flexicurity also offer the employee allows flexibility at work and at the same time maintaining security. This ensures firms acquire competitive advantage, increase productivity and quality of work and help employees and corporations to adapt to changes in the economy. Nations are called upon to incorporate flexicurity policy in their labor markets so that they can enjoy various benefits associated with this new strategy. However, appropriate measures must be undertaken to ensure there is the required balance between security and flexibility. References Cazes, S., & Nesporova, A. (2006). Flexicurity a Relevant Approach in Central and Eastern Europe.. Geneva: International Labour Office. Flexicurity: perspectives and practice.. (2010). Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Source document

Code of Ethics Essay

Almost every organization, institution and profession has a set of code of ethics which are generally expected to guide their stakeholders on how to handle particular issues within that fall within their place of work. Basically, such code of ethics are instituted and adopted in organizations as well as professions as a way of ensuring that relevant stakeholders are in a position to draw a clear distinction about on what is wrong or right. Understanding the ethical codes of a particular environment, be it an organization or a profession has been found to be instrumental in helping the stakeholders make right decisions in decision situations and this fact has therefore awarded code of ethics great importance across professions. Ethics vary from one profession to another as well as from an organization to another depending on the type of operations carried out, also, the environment within which an organization functions. It becomes an obligation to all stakeholders in a profession, organization or even an institution to understand the laid down code of ethics available as such since violating such qualifies to be termed as a professional misconduct and punishable under the law. There is generally a rich history about code of ethics and again, the history varies from one profession to another and also across organizations. This paper will seek to offer a detailed analysis of the code of ethics that are available in accounting profession, its history of development, the sources from where these ethics were developed amongst other valuable issues about code of ethics in general. It will explore the major players in the profession, who are basically certified accountants, what expectations are at least expectable from an accountant in his work to their clients, as well as the bodies across the globe that has been awarded the mandate of setting the standards or simply developing the code of ethics for accountants. Accounting has grown to become one of the oldest and also one of the most important services that business world cannot stay without. In the business world, there is the inherent need for the business owners and other stakeholders to have perfect knowledge of the state of affairs of the business institution in which they have committed their resources, of course for expected returns. To gain this kind of knowledge, an individual who can truthfully and honestly reflect the true financial position within which a business is at any particular time is needed and this can only be a person who have relevant analysis skills. If such information is made available to the investors, customers, governments and suppliers among others, then it becomes likely that such individuals will be in a position to know whether a business is making profits or otherwise. If there have been steady profits in a particular business and over a couple of the previous years, such a business will remain as worthwhile investment opportunities to investors, a good source of government tax to the government, a good determinant of how much profits to go to each shareholder and would also assure suppliers that their creditor is solvent enough. In case of loss, not very many profit oriented individuals will want any association with such a business as losses are one of the signs of insolvency. Basically, accounting information is of very important use in decision making and for this reason, such information must be truthful and objective. Incorrect accounting information has the potential to result into decisions that are wasteful in nature and this is a situation which is not acceptable in the business world where resources are always limited. Provision of such accounting information has therefore come under very strict scrutiny by bodies which are globally recognized and mandated to give guidelines which every certified accountant must adhere to while undertaking their accounting duties. Failure of adherence by accountants has been qualified to become a professional misconduct and in such a case, the accountant in question becomes liable for his irresponsibility. The ethical requirements for professional accountants are established by the International Federation of Accountants (I.F.A) which also enforces that all the guidelines are adhered to throughout the profession of accounting reporting (Reamer, 1998). Statement of Values Integrity Integrity is one of the four values that make up the code of ethics in accounting field as a profession. An accountant whose services have been hired by a business entity has to demonstrate a high level of integrity in conducting their duties failure to which they can be held liable for any loss suffered, if such losses are proven to have been occasioned by lack of integrity on the side of the accountant. Integrity implies that an account under duty has to demonstrate that he is straightforward as well as honest with issues that touch on the financial performance of the entity to which he is offering accounting services. It also implies that there has to be fair dealings as well as truthfulness throughout the service dispensation period. This consequently requires that accountant must not have any association with accounting information in which they believe there are material errors or are misleading. Objectivity This is another principle in the accounting field that requires accountants not to allow any compromise on their business or professional judgment. It states that a professional accountant must be free from bias, conflict of interest and also undue influence while making a business judgment. Impaired objectivity amounts to a gross professional misconduct and relevant bodies like the I.F.A ensures that such values are upheld throughout the profession. Diligence This means that a professional accountant is bound by the ethical code to dispense their services with due acre and competence. They are required to maintain an acceptable level of professional knowledge and skills in services delivery so that their clients will be better positioned to have truthful reports about the affairs of a business at any particular time. Informed decisions are likely to be made as a result of data obtained through diligent services and would not cost the decision maker for unexpected outcomes. Confidentiality This is the requirement that a professional accountant must not disclose any information he has come across during his service time, in part or wholly to a third party or for extra financial gains. Parties whom may stand to gain upon acquiring such information are the competitors to the client and this may turn out to be disastrous to the client. Professional accountants are therefore bound by this value to only use such information for the benefit of their current client failure to which would be looked at as a violation of one of the golden rules. The above are values that have been formulated by I.F.A and generally accepted across the globe by the help of the nations that recognizes this body. Training and Communication In every organization training is a vital component. Training equips employees with necessary skills, knowledge, and become competence in their accounting work. Employees do participate in ethical training of the company and attain development and eventually improve their morale on the performance of the company. Ethical training provides innovative quality solutions to support the company to operate in an ethical environment and realize their full potential of investors. Training should take place in area of law compliance and ways to treat various differing interest, profits and safety. Communication on the other hand acts as an enhancement to training where issues are discussed openly. Investors raise views as they become participants and share it out with others of anything they do not understand. Some of communications tools used are company newsletters, article in magazines, internet website and videos. There should effective communication to investors characterized by the following features: honesty which emphasis on free flow of important investment information, confidentiality that protect employees regarding their rights and their professional while abiding to legal act about disclosing information which affects welfare of others and free speech to give support for open competition. Communication should also promote mutual understanding between the investor and the facilitator of business opportunity. Companies should develop, enforce and put down in writing codes of corporate. A code of ethic should foster a stronger ethical climate and open various channel of communication to help protects against fraudulent financial reporting. Both corporate ethics training and communication is very important to employees individually by developing ethical decision–making skills and to ensure all staff understands and complies with company regulations and policies. Code of Ethics Implementation Plan The success lies on the corporation commitment on developing code and their contribution (Messikomer and Cirka, 2010). Company needs to implement code of ethics through informal methods noticeable to the context through proper communication and agreement. The implementation plan sound to ensure investment advisors adhere to code of ethics regarding business matters, protect customers and inhibit any inappropriate action. The advisors are responsible for consumers saving and their security regarding their financial status. Customers understanding on code of ethics determine whether their representatives are acting accordance to law and guidelines, as well as representing them appropriately. Prior to the implementation of code of ethics there are rules: where all employees receive compensation of loss regardless of the amount, employees will perform their discharged duties diligently and competence, and finally, organization will consult the public to get feedback and suggestions regarding on the efficiency and effective delivery of services. Implementation composes organizational changes where employees should conform to these changes: identification of moral leaders who are moral mature and finally, leaders should regularly communicate code of ethics to improve perceptions of trust and leadership credibility. This imperative normalizes ethicality by providing routine communication on moral behavior which reminds employees on their ethics matters. Corporate Social Issues It is most essential in every organization that it promotes its vision of accountable business to various stakeholders apart from investors and shareholders. There are various areas of major concerns: environmental conservation, well status of employees, community and community at large. Company do largely benefit through adopting a policy of social responsibility through improvement of financial performance, lowering its operation cost, increasing it sales and enhancing customers loyalty. The company consequently attracts many consumers/investors as well as to retain the potential ones to help change the company’s identity and to greatly improve productivity and quality. There are drivers pushing business towards social responsibility such as the government, which imposes legislation and regulation to deliver social and environmental objectives in the area of business. Secondly, the need for corporate disclosure from investor and stake holders, also, investors are changing its way of accessing companies performance based on criteria of social responsibility. Management training plays a major role in implementation of corporate social responsibility. There is increased demand for corporate social responsibility in every organization to promote good governance between the organization, investors, society at larger and government. Laws and Regulations Impacting on Corporations The recent past has witnessed several pieces of legislation that eventually come to force and impact both positively and negatively to corporation. Examples of such laws are the ones concerning environmental conservation that have required corporate bodies to do their business with little to no environmental degradation. This has to a greater extent dealt manufacturing corporations big blows as they have to emit waste product into the environment as they do manufacturing. These set of laws have therefore required that there are amounts of part of the corporation’s revenue set aside to attempt to get rid of the waste materials they emit from the environment. This has become an extra cost to most corporations since conducting an environmental cleanup exercise has in many circumstances gone into the tune of millions of shillings. Basically, among other effects that recent laws and regulations have imposed on the environment have been extra costs especially meant for cleaning up the waste they emit into environment or compensating individuals who are fallen victims in one way or another of this kind of wastes. Consequently, the revenues have considerably diminished with some of such corporations opted the walk of operations. Monitoring and Enforcement Plan Monitoring and enforcing adherence to code of ethics is of paramount importance and several benefits have been associated to it. Monitoring is in most cases done by organizational management teams, senior officers in an institution or even bodies which are mandated to safeguard such codes of ethics. Monitoring and enforcing helps keep those who are bound by such codes committed to satisfying the values as stipulated in the code of ethics. As a result, professionals in whatever field are in a position to effectively prevent, detect and report appropriately as well as address any allegation of professional misconduct. A code of ethics can be effectively enforced when there exist individuals responsible for its implementation. Enforcing and safeguarding a code of ethics from rampant violation would require a clear explanation of the consequences that are to befell the violators. Such consequences must seem harsh so as to discourage those bound by the code from acting against it but instead assist in implementing it fully. Establishing an agreement that is binding between the parties to a code of ethics is also a step in the right direction of enforcing it. Lastly, to successfully monitor and enforce a code of ethics, there needs to be a consistent manner of monitoring behavior as well as rewarding individuals who duly comply with the laid down code of ethics. Ethics Audit Professionals in any field are needed to continually keep in touch with the practices within their professions that have an ethics relation in light of the ever increasing demand from the social world. To achieve this, the professionals have to engage in rigorous process of auditing ethics and such audits should be hinged on establishing that which is being considered essential in social work. This will in turn help the professionals make an identification of an ethical issue which is pertinent in their practice setting. Furthermore, it will be helpful to professionals in reviewing as well as assessing how adequate their current practice is. Lastly, auditing ethical codes will become helpful in assisting professionals to design a strategy which is practical to tune current practices as desired in the social work. Working Internationally Securing a professional job internationally is in most circumstances fancied by many if not by all professions across several fields. Such opportunities come with lots of hope to succeed in one’s career and of course earn fortunes out of the opportunity. In the real sense, there are very few professionals if any, who will turn such a chance down. Ethically, before a professional takes on an international duty, he has to consider issues like whether his code of ethics conform with the general ethics upheld in a foreign nation and whether such bodies are concerned with the code of ethics of his/her profession is acknowledged in that foreign nation in which he/she is intending to work. This is so, because a case of conflicting ethical values may arise and this may cause a crisis that could have been avoided if such issues were put into account prior to taking up of international duties. Like for instance, in accounting profession, there still exist some nations that have not subscribed to the guidelines offered by major accounting bodies in the world like the I.F.A or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (G.A.A.P). As a result, such nations have their own ways of dealing with some accounting treatments which in many circumstances contrast what such bodies provide in respect of those treatments. Therefore, having an accountant who has been trained and practiced in a country where such guidelines from these bodies are adhered to work in such a foreign country may yield a crisis which in another perspective may be termed as professional misconduct in that foreign country. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper discusses and identifies the statement of values to include the source and foundation of ethical values and principles; why these principles are non-negotiable, how they have evolved over time, and what moral philosophy or social issues affects the approach to ethics. It also presented and given a training and communication plan, implementation plan, plan for the role of leadership, resolution to corporate social issues, discussed the recent laws and regulations impacting the corporation, how to monitor and enforce the plan; ethics auditing plan and considerations for working internationally. As you can see, code of ethics is needed in every organization to avoid conflict of interest and to deal with issues in a fair and just manner. References Baker, R. (1999). The American medical ethics revolution: how the AMA’s code of ethics has transformed physicians’ relationships to patients, professionals, and society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Code of international ethics. (1953). Westminster, Md.: Newman Press. Code of medical ethics: current opinions with annotations (2004-2005 ed.). (2004). Chicago, Ill.: AMA Press. Reamer, F. G. (1998). Ethical standards in social work: a review of the NASW code of ethics. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Watson, D. (1985). A Code of ethics for social work: the second step. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.